Semiconductor Basics & Diodes
Energy bands, PN junction I–V, diode models, rectifiers, Zener regulation, clamping/clipping.
BJTs & FETs; Biasing and Small-Signal
BJT/FET operation, biasing (fixed, voltage-divider, self-bias), small-signal models, gain, input/output resistance.
Analog Building Blocks
Single-stage amplifiers (CE/CS/Source follower), frequency response basics, op-amp ideals, active RC filters.
Digital Fundamentals
Number systems, Boolean algebra, logic gates, K-map minimization, hazards, intro to CMOS logic.
Instrumentation Basics
Sensors/Transducers overview, measurement chain, ADC/DAC fundamentals, resolution & errors, basic DAQ.